DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences with error bars showing means ± SD (* P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, and *** P ≤ 0.001). Immature hiNSCs form HSV-1–positive cell conglomerates in response to infection. hiNSCs were cultured 1 day ( G), 4 days ( H), or 7 days ( I) before HSV-1 exposure (MOI of 0.0001) for 2 to 3 days. Low-level HSV-1 infection causes morphological changes.
Results from β-III tubulin (TUJ1) and cleaved Caspase3 (CC3) immunostaining ( D) indicate that relatively high MOI (~1 or greater) results in rapid and robust cell death in 24 hours, with corresponding quantification of cell number ( E) and percentage of CC3-positive cells in response to increasing MOI in hiNSCs ( F). HiNSCs were cultured with varying MOIs for 24 hours and assayed for virus expression by immunostaining ( A and B) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showing viral HSV-1–UL29 expression over time ( C).
#Human brain 3d model license
Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). This model will allow for future studies to identify potential downstream drug targets for treating this devastating disease.Ĭopyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. We report a herpes-induced tissue model of AD that mimics human disease with multicellular amyloid plaque-like formations, gliosis, neuroinflammation, and decreased functionality, completely in the absence of any exogenous mediators of AD. Here, we describe a multidisciplinary approach to produce physiologically relevant human tissues to study AD using human-induced neural stem cells (hiNSCs) and HSV-1 infection in a 3D bioengineered brain model. Growing evidence implicates pathogens in AD development, with herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) gaining increasing attention as a potential causative agent. Hallmark features of AD-including generation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, gliosis, and inflammation in the brain-are well defined however, the cause of the disease remains elusive. 3D Brain is derived from the Genes to Cognition (G2C) Online website funded by the Dana Foundation and Hewlett Foundation.ĭownload the 3D Brain from the iPhone/iPod Touch App Store or through iTunes.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes cognitive decline, memory loss, and inability to perform everyday functions. Proceeds from the sale of 3D Brain HQ go towards the educational programs of the DNA Learning Center.Ĭreated by Vivid Apps and AXS Biomedical Animation Studio with the DNA Learning Center. 3D Brain HQ includes higher resolution brain images and an improved interface.
#Human brain 3d model update
The 2013 update of the 3D Brain app includes new scientific references, bug fixes, and the option to upgrade by in-app purchase to the 3D Brain HQ for $0.99. Each detailed structure comes with information on functions, disorders, brain damage, case studies, and links to modern research. Discover how each brain region functions, what happens when it is injured, and how it is involved in mental illness. Use your touch screen to rotate and zoom around 29 interactive structures.
#Human brain 3d model android
The 3D Brain is also available as an app for iPhone/iPod/iPad, Android, and Windows Phone devices! All the great features of our online version in the palm of your hand! It can be downloaded from the Apple App Store look for it in the Education category (iTunes is required), and Android and Windows Phone app stores. Apps for iPhone, iPad, and Android devices
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